Sunday, March 29, 2009

HMS VANGUARD

Military Papercraft
HMS VANGUARD


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HMS Vanguard was a "Fully Armoured Battlecruiser" of the Royal Navy. She was the biggest and last battleship to be built for the Royal Navy.

Career Royal Navy Ensign
Name: HMS Vanguard
Ordered: 14 March 1941
Builder: John Brown and Company, Clydebank, Scotland
Laid down: 2 October 1941
Launched: 30 November 1944
Commissioned: 9 August 1946
Decommissioned: 7 June 1960
Fate: sold to Shipbreaking Industries 1960, arrived Faslane for scrapping 9 August 1960
General characteristics
Displacement: 46,000 standard,
51,820 tons at full load
Length: 814 ft 6 in (248.3 m)
Beam: 107 ft 7 in (32.8 m)
Draught: 30 ft 6 in (9.3 m)
Propulsion: 8 Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers (400 psi, 750 °F)
4 Parsons single reduction steam turbines
4 shafts
130,000 shp (97 MW)
Speed: 30 knots (60 km/h)
Range: 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km) at 20 knots (37 km/h)
Complement: 1,500
Sensors and
processing systems:
  • 1 x Radar Type 960 air warning
  • 1 x Radar Type 293 target indication
  • 1 x Radar Type 277 height finding
  • 2 x Radar Type 274 15-inch fire control
  • 4 x Radar Type 275 5.25-inch fire control
  • 10 x Radar Type 262 40 mm fire control
Armament:
Armour: Belt 14,0-4.5 in (115-355 mm)
Bulkheads 4.0-12.0 in (102-305 mm)
Barbettes 11.0-13.0 in (280-330 mm)
Turret faces 13.0 in (330 mm)
Conning tower 2.5-3.0 in (65-75 mm)
Deck 5.0-6.0 in (125-150 mm)
Motto: We Lead
Notes: Pennant number 23


Construction

At the outbreak of World War II the Admiralty decided to concentrate the limited shipbuilding resources on vessels that could come into service quickly rather than larger or more powerful ships that might be completed too late to serve in the conflict. Since it would take too much time and demand too many resources to build the 12 triple 16-inch turrets needed for the four Lion class battleships, these four ships were cancelled.

An alternative plan was suggested in 1940 that would use four spare twin 15 inch mountings originally used by HM ships Courageous and Glorious during World War I. These four turrets—enough to arm a new battleship—were removed during the conversions of Courageous and Glorious to aircraft carriers in the late 1920s and had since been kept in store. It was suggested that the turrets and mountings from the two battlecruisers be utilized in a modified Lion design for speedy construction, thus giving rise to the nickname "battleship with her great aunt's teeth".

The Admiralty ordered a design for a 40,000-ton battleship utilizing these weapons, intended to be the core of a Far East Fleet, where her high speed and armament would be a match for Japanese warships. Vanguard was laid down in 1941, by John Brown and Company, Clydebank, Scotland, and her hull was launched in November 1944; in anticipation of Operation Downfall, the expected invasion of Japan, however as a result of Japan's surrender, the ship was not commissioned until 1946.

While the 15-inch mounts were reportedly from Courageous and Glorious, the actual guns were from a pool of guns that had been used on several ships including Queen Elizabeth, Royal Sovereign and others. One single gun had been on either Courageous or Glorious but came to Vanguard via HMS Warspite.[1] Two of the mounts themselves had been intended for Renown and Repulse before their designs were cut down to three turrets apiece with the spares going to Courageous and Glorious. The Vanguard was used in training exercise's with NATO forces in the 1950's and as a training ship untill the late 60's

Career

She performed various duties as flagship, training ship, and even as a "Royal Yacht", when, in 1947, she took the royal family of George VI to South Africa. This was the first time his daughter Elizabeth II, then a princess, ever left Britain [2]. The ship took 17 days to reach South Africa.[2]
HMS Vanguard at anchor.

At the end of 1954 Vanguard sailed to HMNB Devonport, for a refit. On completion in 1955, she was placed in reserve, not returning to the Home Fleet. In 1956 Vanguard became flagship of the Royal Navy Reserve Fleet. While moored in Fareham Creek, during her time in the reserve fleet, scenes for the film "Sink the Bismarck" were filmed aboard. During this time there was some controversy over the ship's future. It was announced in October 1959 that the Vanguard would be scrapped in 1960. Efforts to turn her into a museum were unsuccessful.

On 4 August 1960, when she was to be towed from Portsmouth to the breakers yard at Faslane, Scotland, the whole of the Southsea sea front was packed with people to see her off. As she was being towed towards the harbour entrance, she slewed across the harbour to the Still & West public house and went aground. She was eventually pulled off by tugs and finally made her exit from Portsmouth. Five days later she arrived at Faslane and by the spring of 1962 Vanguard ceased to exist.


Design

Vanguard was unique among British battleships in having remote power control (RPC) for main, secondary and the tertiary guns. There were two director control towers (DCT) for the 15-inch (381 mm) guns, each carrying a "double cheese" Radar Type 274 centimetric fire control set for rangefinding and spotting the fall of shot. There were four US Navy type Mark 37 DCT for the 5.25 inch guns, each carrying the twin domes of Radar Type 275, a centimetric fire control set. Lastly, each Mark VI sextuple 40 mm Bofors mounting had its own CRBF ("close range blind fire") director fitted with RP50 RPC and Radar Type 262. The Type 262 was a centimetric set transmitting through a small parabolic dish giving a narrow search cone. The antenna was spun off-axis at high speed to produce a wider cone capable of locking on to a target. The STAAG Mk.I 40 mm Bofors mounting carried its own Radar Type 262 on the mounting itself. Originally this was located below the gun barrels, but it was subject to excessive vibration and was later relocated to the top of the mounting. Other radar sets carried were Type 960 air warning, Type 293 target indication and Type 277 height finding.


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Monday, March 23, 2009

MYSLIWSKI GRUMMAN F6 F-3 HELLCAT

Military Papercraft
SAMOLOT MYSLIWSKI GRUMMAN F6 F-3 HELLCAT


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The Grumman F6F Hellcat was a carrier-based fighter aircraft developed to replace the earlier F4F Wildcat in United States Navy service. Although the F6F bore a family resemblance to the Wildcat, it was a completely new design powered by a 2,000 hp Pratt & Whitney R-2800. Some tagged it as the "Wildcat's big brother".[2] The Hellcat and the Vought F4U Corsair were the primary USN fighters during the second half of World War II.

F6F Hellcat
A U.S. Navy Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat
Role Fighter aircraft
Manufacturer Grumman
First flight 26 June 1942
Introduced 1943
Retired 1954, USN
Primary users United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Royal Navy
French Navy
Produced 1942-1945
Number built 12,275
Unit cost $35,000 in 1945[1]


The Hellcat proved to be the most successful aircraft in naval history, destroying 5,271 aircraft[3] while in service with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps (5,163 in the Pacific and eight more during the invasion of Southern France), plus 52 with the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm during World War II.[4] Postwar, the Hellcat aircraft was systematically phased out of front line service, but finally retired as late as 1954 as a night-fighter in composite squadrons.

Design and development

Grumman F6F-3 Hellcats in tricolor camouflage, red outline on US insignia indicate picture was taken circa June - September 1943[5]
F6F-5 ready in catapult on USS Randolph
Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat on the flight deck of USS Yorktown (CV-10) prior to take off, having its wings extended
Grumman F6F-3 Hellcats in tricolor scheme on the flight deck

Grumman was working on a successor to the F4F Wildcat well before the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. While the F4F was a capable fighter, early air battles revealed the Japanese A6M Zero was more maneuverable and possessed a better rate of climb than the F4F. The F4F did have some advantages over the Zero. Wildcats were able to absorb a tremendous amount of damage compared to the Zero, and had better armament. The F4F was also much faster in a dive than the Zero, an advantage Wildcat pilots used frequently to elude attacking Zeros.

These advantages carried over into the F6F and, combined with other improvements, created a fighter that outclassed the Zero almost completely. The contract for the prototype XF6F-1 was signed on 30 June 1941. The F6F was originally to be given the Wright R-2600 Cyclone engine of 1,700 hp (1,268 kW), but based on combat experience of F4F Wildcat and Zero encounters, Grumman decided to further improve their new fighter to overcome the Mitsubishi Zero's dominance in the Pacific theater.[2] Grumman installed the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) estimating a 25% increase in performance would result.[2] The first Cyclone-equipped prototype (02981) flew on 26 June 1942 while the first Double Wasp-equipped aircraft, the XF6F-3 (02982) had its first flight on 30 July 1942.

Proposed at the same time as the first Hellcat prototypes, the XF6F-2 incorporated a turbo-supercharger, but performance gains were only slight and until fleet demands for improvements in speed arose, this variant, along with the two-speed supercharger-equipped XF6F-3, languished. However, later F6F-4 and F6F-5 variants did benefit from these initial development programs.

Like the Wildcat, the Hellcat was designed for ease of manufacture and ability to withstand significant damage. A total of 212 lb (96 kg) of cockpit armor was fitted to aid pilot survival, as well as a bullet-resistant windshield and armor around the engine oil tank and oil cooler.[6] Self-sealing fuel tanks further reduced susceptibility to fire and often allowed damaged aircraft to return home. The U.S. Navy's all-time leading ace, Captain David McCampbell USN (retired) scored all his victories in the Hellcat. He once described the F6F as "...an outstanding fighter plane. It performed well, was easy to fly and was a stable gun platform. But what I really remember most was that it was rugged and easy to maintain."[7]

The first production aircraft off the line, designated F6F-3s, flew on 3 October 1942 with the type reaching operational readiness with VF-9 on USS Essex in February 1943.[6]

Two night fighter subvariants of the F6F-3 were also developed. The F6F-3E, converted from standard -3 frames, featured the AN/APS-4 radar in a fairing in the starboard wing. The later F6F-3N, first seen in July 1943, was fitted with the AN/APS-6 radar in a similar fairing. By November 1943, Hellcat night fighters had seen their first action.[8] Fitting AN/APS-6 radar fairings to F6F-5s resulted in the night fighter F6F-5N, and a small number of standard F6F-5s were also fitted with camera equipment for reconnaissance duties as the F6F-5P.[9]

Instead of the Wildcat's narrow-track undercarriage retracting into the fuselage requiring awkward hand-cranking by the pilot, the Hellcat had hydraulically-actuated undercarriage struts set wider and retracting backward, twisting through 90° into the wings,[10] exactly as the Chance Vought F4U Corsair's landing gear did. The wing was low-mounted instead of mid-mounted and folded the same way as the later versions of the Wildcat, allowing the Hellcat to take on a compact, tucked-in appearance on a flight deck.[11]

Standard armament on the F6F consisted of six .50 caliber (12.7mm) Browning M2/AN air-cooled machine guns with 400 rounds each; later aircraft gained three hardpoints to carry a total bombload in excess of 2,000 lbs. (900 kg). The center hardpoint also had the ability to carry a single 150 U.S. gallon (568 L) disposable drop tank. Six 5 in. (127 mm) HVARs (High Velocity Aircraft Rocket)[12] could be carried; three under each wing.[13]

The next and most common variant, the F6F-5, featured improvements such as a more powerful R-2800-10W engine housed in a slightly more streamlined engine cowling, spring-loaded control tabs on the ailerons, deletion of the rear-view windows behind the main canopy, an improved, clear view windscreen with a flat armored-glass front panel replacing the curved perspex panel and internal armor glass screen and numerous other minor advances.[10][14] Another improvement in the F6F-5 was the availability of more potent armament than the standard six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns. Trials with cannon-armed Hellcats were not followed up by a production version; although all F6F-5s could carry an armament mix of a pair of Hispano 20mm (0.79 in.) cannon, one mounted in each of the inboard gun bays, with a minimum of 220 rounds per gun, along with two pairs of .50 caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns, with 400 rounds per gun, this configuration was only used on many later F6F-5N night fighters.[15]

Two F6F-5s were fitted with the 18-cylinder 2,100 hp (1,567 kW) Pratt and Whitney R-2800-18W two-stage blower radial engine which was also used by the F4U-4 Corsair. The new Hellcat variant was fitted with a four-bladed propeller and was called the XF6F-6. The aircraft proved to be the best performer in the series with a top speed of 417 mph.[10] The war ended before this variant could be mass-produced.[16]

The last Hellcat rolled out in November 1945, the total production figure being 12,275, of which 11,000 had been built in just two years.[17] This impressive production rate was credited to the sound original design, which required little modification once production was underway.

[edit] Operational history

Grumman F6F-3 Hellcat on the USS Yorktown (CV-10) in late 1942. Non-specular blue-grey over light-grey scheme
USS Yorktown (CV-10) during the Marcus Island raid on 31 August 1943: CAG-5 Lt. Cmdr. "Jimmy" Flatley in his F6F-3 Hellcat before takeoff. Aviation Boatswain Mate stands ready to remove chock from wheels. Early, improvised scheme of non-specular sea-blue and intermediate blue over white.
Grumman F6F-3 Hellcats on the flight deck with wings folded, Grumman Avenger on landing approach

The Hellcat first saw action against the Japanese on 1 September 1943 when fighters off the USS Independence (CVL-22) shot down a Kawanishi H8K "Emily" flying boat.[18] Soon after, on 23 and 24 November, Hellcats engaged Japanese aircraft over Tarawa, shooting down a claimed 30 Mitsubishi Zeros for the loss of one F6F.[18] Over Rabaul, New Britain, on 11 November 1943, Hellcats and Corsairs were engaged in day-long fights with many Japanese aircraft including A6M Zeros, shooting down nearly 50 aircraft.[18] Hellcats also utilized the "Thach Weave", which had been developed into a formation tactic to compensate for the older F4F Wildcat's deficiencies.

Hellcats were involved in practically all engagements with Japanese air power from that point onward. It was the major U.S. Navy fighter type involved in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, where so many Japanese aircraft were shot down that Navy aircrews nicknamed the battle The Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. The F6F accounted for 75% of all aerial victories recorded by the U.S. Navy in the Pacific.[19] Radar-equipped Hellcat night fighter squadrons appeared in early 1944.

Navy and Marine F6Fs flew 66,530 combat sorties (45% of all fighter sorties of the war, 62,386 sorties were flown from aircraft carriers)[20] and destroyed 5,163 (56% of all Naval/Marine air victories of the war) at a cost of 270 Hellcats (an overall kill-to-loss ratio of 19:1).[21] The aircraft performed well against the best Japanese opponents with a 13:1 kill ratio against Mitsubishi A6M, 9.5:1 against Nakajima Ki-84, and 3.7:1 against Mitsubishi J2M during the last year of the war.[22] The F6F became the prime ace-maker aircraft in the American inventory, with 305 Hellcat aces.[23] That being said, it must be noted that the U.S. successes were not only attributed to superior aircraft, but also because they faced increasingly inexperienced Japanese aviators from 1942 onwards, as well as having the advantage of ever-increasing numerical superiority.

In the ground attack role, Hellcats dropped 6,503 tons of bombs.[21]

The British Fleet Air Arm received 1,263 F6Fs under the Lend-Lease Act; initially it was known as the Grumman Gannet Mark I. The name Hellcat replaced it in early 1943 for the sake of simplicity, the Royal Navy at that time adopting the use of the existing American naval names for all the U.S.-made aircraft supplied to it, with the F6F-3 being designated Hellcat F I, the F6F-5, the Hellcat F II and the F6F-5N, the Hellcat NF II.[24] They saw action off Norway, in the Mediterranean and in the Far East. A number were fitted with photographic reconnaissance equipment similar to the F6F-5P, receiving the designation Hellcat FR II.[25] The FAA Hellcat units experienced far fewer opportunities for air-to-air combat than their USN/Marines counterparts; a total of 52 enemy aircraft were shot down during 18 aerial combats from May 1944 to July 1945. 1844 Naval Air Squadron, on board HMS Indomitable of the British Pacific Fleet was the highest scoring unit, with 32.5 kills.[26]

FAA Hellcats, as with other Lend-Lease aircraft, were rapidly replaced by British aircraft after the end of the war, with only two of the twelve squadrons equipped with the Hellcat at VJ-Day still retaining Hellcats by the end of 1945.[27] These two squadrons were disbanded in 1946.[27] In British service, the Hellcats proved to be a match even for the main Luftwaffe fighters, the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190.

Postwar, the Hellcat was succeeded by the Grumman F8F Bearcat which was smaller than the Wildcat yet more powerful and more maneuverable than the Hellcat, but came online too late to see combat in World War II.[28] The Hellcat soldiered on in a number of second line USN duties including training. The French Aéronavale was equipped with F6F-5 Hellcats and used them in Indochina. The Uruguay Navy also used them until the early 1960s.[29]

Variants

XF6F-1
First prototype, powered by a two-stage 2,000 hp (1,500 kW) Wright R-2600-10 Cyclone 14 radial piston engine.
XF6F-2
Second prototype, powered by a turbocharged Wright R-2600-16 Cyclone radial piston engine.
XF6F-3
The first XF6F-1 prototype was fitted with a two-stage turbocharged 2,000 hp (1,491 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10 Double Wasp radial piston engine.
F6F-3 Hellcat
Single-seat fighter, fighter-bomber aircraft, powered by a 2,000 hp (1,491 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10 Double Wasp radial piston engine.
Gannet Mk I
British designation of the F6F-3 Hellcat, later redesignated Hellcat F Mk.I.
F6F-3E Hellcat
Night-fighter version, equipped with an AN/APS-4 radar in a fairing in the starboard wing.
XF6F-3N
One F6F-3 was converted into a night-fighter prototype.
F6F-3N Hellcat
Night-fighter version, equipped with an AN/APS-6 radar in a fairing in the starboard wing.
XF6F-4
One F6F-3 fitted with a two-speed turbocharged 2,100 hp (1,566 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-27 Double Wasp radial piston engine.
F6F-5 Hellcat
Improved version, with a redesigned engine cowling, new ailerons and strengthened tail surfaces, powered by a 2,000 hp (1,491 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-10W radial piston engine.
Hellcat F Mk 2
British designation of the F6F-5 Hellcat.
F6F-5K Hellcat
A number of F6F-5s and F6F-5Ns were converted into radio-controlled target drones.
F6F-5N Hellcat
Night-fighter version, fitted with an AN/ APS-6 radar.
Hellcat NF Mk II
British designation of the F6F-5N Hellcat.
F6F-5P Hellcat
Small numbers of F6F-5s were converted into photo-reconnaissance aircraft, with the camera equipment being fitted in the rear fuselage.
Hellcat FR Mk II
This designation was given to British Hellcats fitted with camera equipment.
XF6F-6
Two F6F-5s were fitted with the 2,100 hp (1,566 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2800-18W radial piston engine, and four bladed propellers.

[edit] Operators

France
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay

Survivors

A relatively large number of Grumman F6Fs are survivors, either in museums or in flyable condition. In order of Bu.No. they are:[30]

[edit] Specifications (F6F-5 Hellcat)

Aircraft captains ready VF-82 Grumman F6F-5 for launch from USS Bennington (CV-20) off Okinawa in May 1945. Late-war production F6F-5 show the overall Glossy Sea Blue
Postwar service: A bright orange F6F-3K target drone

Data from Quest for Performance,[32] Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II,[33] and Standard Aircraft Characteristics[34]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

  • Guns:
    • either 6× 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns, with 400 rounds/gun, (All F6F-3, and most F6F-5)
    • or 2× 20 mm cannon, with 225 rounds/gun
    • and 4× 0.50 in (12.7 mm) Browning machine guns with 400 rounds/gun (F6F-5N only)
  • Rockets:
    • 6 × 5 in (127 mm) HVARs or
    • 2 × 11¾ in (298 mm) Tiny Tim unguided rockets
  • Bombs: up to 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) full load, including:
    • Bombs or Torpedoes:(Fuselage mounted on centreline rack)
      • 1 × 2,000 lb (910 kg) bomb or
      • 1 × Mk.13-3 torpedo;
    • Underwing bombs: (F6F-5 had two additional weapons racks either side of fuselage on wing centre-section)
      • 2 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) or
      • 4 × 500 lb (227 kg)
      • 8 × 250 lb (110 kg)

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Sunday, March 22, 2009

Czotg lekko M5A1 Stuart VI

Military Papercraft
Czotg lekko M5A1 Stuart VI


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W 1940 amerykański Departament Uzbrojenia opracował projekt nowej odmiany lekkiego czołgu M2. Pogrubiono pancerz i przebudowano układ jezdny oraz zmieniono jarzmo armaty. Tak ulepszony czołg otrzymał oznaczenie M3 i został wprowadzony do uzbrojenia w kwietniu 1941. Wóz był kilkakrotnie modernizowany. Powstały wersje M3, M3 (diesel), M3A1, M3A1 (diesel), M3A3, M5, M5A1. Ogółem w latach 1941-1944 wyprodukowano 22743 czołgi wszystkich wersji.




Stuart M5A1


Służba [edytuj]

Czołgi M3/M5 "Stuart", oprócz USA, były używane przez wojska brytyjskie, kraje Wspólnoty Brytyjskiej, Chiny oraz Związek Radziecki. W armii brytyjskiej nosiły oznaczenia:

  • M3 – brytyjska nazwa "Stuart I"
  • M3A1 – brytyjska nazwa "Stuart III"
  • M3A1 Diesel - brytyjska nazwa "Stuart IV"
  • M3A3 – brytyjska nazwa "Stuart V"
  • M5 – brytyjska nazwa "Stuart VI"
  • M5A1 – brytyjska nazwa "Stuart VI" (tak samo jak modelu M5)

Czołgi lekkie "Stuart" znajdowały się również w jednostkach Polskich Sił Zbrojnych. Czołgi M5A1 znajdowały się w 24 Pułku Ułanów 1 Dywizji Pancernej. Brały udział w bojach we Francji, Belgii, Holandii i Niemczech. "Stuarty" były też w uzbrojeniu II Korpusu Polskiego walczącego we Włoszech.

Po wojnie "Stuarty" były sprzedawane do wielu krajów świata. Miały je w swoim uzbrojeniu armie m in. Dominikany, Haiti, Meksyku, Kolumbii, Hondurasu, Brazylii. W niektórych krajach czołgi te służyły jeszcze w latach 80. XX wieku.

Pojazdy pochodne [edytuj]

  • M3 Command Tank – czołg dowódcy, bez wieży.
  • M3 with Maxson Turret – z wieżą z poczwórnie sprzężonymi karabinami maszynowymi, nie wszedł do produkcji.
  • T2 Light Mine Exploder – wersja do niszczenia min, nie wszedł do produkcji.
  • M3A1 with Satan Flame-gun – model z miotaczem ognia używany przez marines. Duży miotacz ognia z zapasem paliwa 600 litrów został zamontowany zamiast armaty, zasięg do 50 metrów, w 1943 zbudowano 20 takich pojazdów.
  • M3A1 with ESR-M3 Flame-gun – model z małym miotaczem ognia zamontowanym na miejscu karabinu maszynowego.
  • T18 75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage – prototyp działa samobieżnego z haubicą 75 mm, nie wszedł do produkcji.
  • T56 3" Gun Motor Carriage – prototyp działa samobieżnego na podwoziu M3A3 z armatą trzycalową (76,2 mm), nie wszedł do produkcji.
  • T57 3" Gun Motor Carriage – jak wyżej, ale z silnikiem czołgu M3 Lee, nie wszedł do produkcji.
  • Stuart Kangaroo – bez wieży, z dodatkowymi fotelami, używany jako transporter opancerzony.
  • Stuart Recce – zwiadowcza wersja "Kangura" uzbrojona w karabiny maszynowe.
  • Stuart Command – pojazd dowódcy, wersja "Kangura" z dodatkowymi radiami.
  • Stuart 18 pdr. SP – polowa modyfikacja polegająca na zastąpieniu wieży działem 18 funtowym (kaliber 3,3 cala – 83.82 mm)

Pojazdy bazowane na M5 [edytuj]

M3 Stuart w 1942 Fort Knox
  • M5 Command Tank – bez wieży, z dodatkowym sprzętem radiowym.
  • M5A1 with Psy-war equipment – model do prowadzenia "wojny psychologicznej" z zewnętrznymi głośnikami.
  • M5A1 with E7-7 Flame-gum – z miotaczem ognia zamontowanym na miejscu głównego działa.
  • M5A1 with E9-9 Flame-gun – prototyp bazowany na brytyjskim "Krokodylu".
  • M5A1 with E8 Flame-gun – prototyp tylko, bez wieży.
  • M5 with T-39 Rocket Launcher – prototyp uzbrojony w wyrzutnię rakiet T39.
  • M5 Dozer – czołg-buldożer, bez wieży.
  • T27, T27E1 81 mm Mortar Motor Carriage – 2 prototypy samobieżnego moździerza.
  • T29 4.2" Mortar Motor Carriage – prototyp moździerza samobieżnego 4,2 cala (106,68 mm).

Dane taktyczno-techniczne pozostałych wersji czołgu [edytuj]

Model M3 M3A1 M5 M5A1
Załoga 4 osoby (dowódca, celowniczy, kierowca, pomocnik kierowcy)
Masa (kg) 12 454 12 900 14 969 15 412
Długość (z armatą) (m) 4,53 4,52 4,34 4,83
Wysokość (m) 2,65 2,39 2,3 2,3
Szerokość (m) 2,46 2,24 2,25 2,25
Uzbrojenie główne Armata 37 mm / L56, typu M5 lub M6
Uzbrojenie pomocnicze 3 karabiny maszynowe Browning M1919A4 7,62 mm
Opancerzenie (mm) 10-51 16-51 12-67 12-67
Szybkość maksymalna (km/h) 58 58 58 66
Zasięg (km) 120 112-217 161 161



This is one of the most complicated tank models I have seen. There are 9 pages of parts in total that include hundreds of tiny parts. Highly detailed for a free model however, a lot of people might find this too difficult to build due to the limited instructions. If you think you're up for the challenge then I suggest you check it out!

powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki)
powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki) powiększenie (poczekaj aż wczytają się wszystkie miniaturki)

BUDOWA MODELU - UWAGI OGÓLNE (pełny opis budowy i rysunki montażowe w pliku z instrukcją)

Należałoby zacząć od tego, czego w modelu nie ma. Otóż nie ma wnętrza przedziału bojowego ani przedziału silnikowego. Nie ma ich dlatego, że nigdy tych rzeczy nie wykonuję więc czemu miałbym postępować wbrew sobie. Jednakże każdy może wykonać je o ile dysponuje odpowiednim materiałem ikonograficznym. Podział konstrukcyjny modelu pozwala na ich wykonanie bez specjalnych przeróbek.

Model został opracowany z minimalną ilością uproszczeń. Zdaję sobie doskonale sprawę, że pewne elementy można było opracować inaczej - bardziej zgodnie z oryginałem, ale... jest tak jak jest. Model jest przeznaczony raczej dla tych, którzy już w życiu "popełnili" jakąś kartonówkę, i nie polecałbym go jako coś na rozpoczęcie przygody z kartonem. Przed przystąpieniem do budowy dobrze jest zapoznać się z rysunkami montażowymi i poniższą instrukcją.

Dotyczy sklejek - narysowałem minimalną potrzebną ilość sklejek - jeżeli komuś ich brakuje z łatwością dorobi sobie sam tyle ile będzie mu potrzeba. Zasadą jest jednak aby były z możliwie cienkiego i mocnego kartonu bądź papieru.

Dotyczy wyposażenia zewnętrznego: - spotkałem się z kilkoma przynajmniej wersjami mocowania klamer i uchwytów do sprzętu dodatkowego. Wybrałem jedną z nich, ale to nie znaczy wcale, że nie można tego wykonać inaczej - byle zgodnie ze znalezionymi przez wykonawcę zdjęciami bądź rysunkami.

Dotyczy drukowania: - model został zaprojektowany przy założeniu, że karton na którym jest wydrukowany ma grubość 0,2 - 0,25 mm. Wyjątek stanowi arkusz 9 który powinien być wydrukowany na papierze maszynowym. Arkusz 8 możemy wydrukować na czym chcemy pod warunkiem, że po podklejeniu wszystkie elementy będą miały grubość 1mm.

Dotyczy malowania - wszystkie niepokolorowane krawędzie i strony wewnętrzne detali, które mogą być widoczne zaleca się pomalować odpowiednio dobraną farbą. Model po ukończeniu można pomalować lakierem bezbarwnym - zwiększy to jego trwałość i odporność na zmiany wilgotności.

Farby jakich użyłem do malowania modelu:
Pactra nr A33 (FS 34102) - wszystkie powierzchnie zielone
Pactra nr A54 (Gun metal) - wszystkie elementy stalowe gąsienic, szakle, lina holownicza, ostrogi przeciwślizgowe
Pactra nr A 23 (FS 30118) - parciane paski do mocowania wyposażenia, brezent
Pactra nr A46 (Flat black) - razem z Pactrą A54 - do oksydowania luf karabinów maszynowych i malowania metalowych części narzędzi
Humbrol nr 191 (Chrome silver) - wnętrza reflektorów
Humbrol nr 49 (Matt varnish) - gruntowanie całego modelu
Revell nr 9 (Antracite) - bandaże kół, gumowe elementy gąsienic

Generalną zasadą w wycinance jest to, że białe pola należy wyciąć. Miejsca przyklejania elementów modelu są zaznaczone tylko konturami i w wypadku pominięcia jakiegoś drobiazgu lub drobnych niedokładności - defekt powinien być mało widoczny.



ŹRÓDŁA

Historii rozwoju pojazdu ani zastosowania bojowego nie podaję. Można znaleźć je w znakomitej książce p. J. Magnuskiego - "Wozy bojowe Polskich Sił Zbrojnych 1940 - 1946" oraz w zeszycie nr 83 - "Czołg lekki STUART" autorstwa jak wyżej.


Download Papercraft Model : Click Here